湿度、NaCl浓度对铜仁珍珠豆型花生种子活力及发芽的影响

研究发芽床不同含水量及NaCl浓度对铜仁珍珠豆型花生种子活力及发芽的影响,试验表明,发芽床含水量从20%升高至40%,铜仁珍珠豆型花生种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数呈上升趋势,含水量继续升高至60%,三项指标呈下降趋势,40%是铜仁珍珠豆型花生最适发芽床含水量,花生发芽各项指标达到最高。用NaCl溶液处理种子,浓度从0mol/L升高至0.5mol/L,花生种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数三项指标表现出先急剧后缓慢又急剧下降的趋势。     

基于AHP-CRITIC复合加权法评价不同发育期苦水玫瑰品质

运用AHP-CRITIC复合加权法评价不同发育期苦水玫瑰的品质。以不同发育期的苦水玫瑰为研究对象,测定总多糖、总黄酮、总多酚含量及抗氧化活性,采用AHP-CRITIC复合加权法综合评价不同发育期苦水玫瑰的品质。结果发现抗氧化IC50、总黄酮、总多酚、总多糖4个指标成分的复合权重分别为0.294 1、0.152 3、0.158 8、0.394 8;幼蕾期、花蕾期、盛开期苦水玫瑰质量综合评分分别为54.362 0、38.451 9、33.801 9,即幼蕾期苦水玫瑰的质量最好,花蕾期次之,盛开期较差。说明通过化学成分和生物活性作用综合评价不同发育期苦水玫瑰的品质,幼蕾期苦水玫瑰品质最好。     

旱垂柳转录组测序及赤霉素在垂枝形成中的作用

垂枝作为特殊的林木形态结构,因形态优美在全世界被广泛用于绿化和园林景观而成为研究热点。国内外对垂枝植物的研究表明赤霉素在垂枝形成中起作用,但是垂枝形成的分子背景研究仍比较缺乏。本研究以旱垂柳(Salix matsudana var. pseudo-matsudana)的垂枝为研究对象,通过对旱垂柳在不同生长发育时期的叶片、茎尖和茎基部进行了转录组和数字表达谱测序研究,共获得71 474个Unigenes序列。将Unigenes与COG和KEEG数据库比对,与转录和信号转导机制相关的基因在旱垂柳中高度富集,最终确定8 359个差异表达的基因,其中427个基因与激素相关。进一步分析赤霉素相关基因得出,主要参与2条赤霉素合成途径,具有生物活性的GA4是合成途径中的主要产物,而且GA4在枝条中的含量显著高于GA1和GA3。参与赤霉素信号转导途径中的GID1B在旱垂柳中上调表达,以及在G1和G4生长期的表达量高于其他时期,而DELLA蛋白GAI在G2生长期以后下调表达,GID1B和GAI在旱垂柳的垂枝生长过程中可能起非常重要的作用。这些研究结果将有助于探索赤霉素在旱垂柳垂枝形成中的分子作用,可为林木形态的遗传改良提供基础理论依据。     

软枣猕猴桃组织培养快繁体系的建立

以黑龙江省采集的软枣猕猴桃野生驯化品系雌株4021、雄株4023为实验材料,研究适宜的腋芽萌发、丛生芽增殖、继代时间以及生根的培养基,并探讨了适宜的移栽条件,以期建立猕猴桃组织培养快繁体系,可加快野生优良种质的驯化、选育及用于种质资源保存。试验结果表明:软枣猕猴桃生长培养基采用1~2 mg/L 6-BA+0.1~0.5 mg/L IAA+30 g/L蔗糖+7 g/L琼脂;增殖培养基采用0.5~1 mg/L 6-BA+0.5~1 mg/L ZT+30 g/L蔗糖+7 g/L琼脂,40 d继代一次;生根培养基采用1/2MS+0.2~0.5 mg/L IBA+30 g/L蔗糖+7 g/L琼脂。软枣猕猴桃组培苗高度不超过1.5 cm、根系小于0.5 cm时移栽;移栽后遮光率不高于60%,空气湿度不低于40%,环境温度不低于15℃、不高于30℃,移栽成活率可达到93%。     

Influence of intra-row cruciferous surrogate weed growth on crop yield in organic spring cereals

In Northern Europe, inter-row hoeing has become a popular tactic for controlling weeds in organic cereals. Hoeing is highly effective and can be implemented from crop emergence until stem elongation to maintain a nearly weed-free inter-row zone. However, hoeing has a lesser effect on weeds growing in the intra-row zone, where crop–weed proximity results in heightened competition. In the hoed cereal system, it is investigated whether tall-growing, competitive, cruciferous weeds in the intra-row zone affect crop biomass, yield and thousand kernel weight (TKW). An additive experimental design is employed to enable the fitting of rectangular hyperbolas, describing and quantifying the effects of increasing intra-row surrogate weed density on crop growth parameters. Regressions were studied under the influence of crop (spring barley and spring wheat), row spacing (narrow [12.5 or 15.0 cm] and wide [25.0 cm]) and nitrogen rate (50 and 100 kg NH₄-N/ha). Cruciferous surrogate weeds were found to impact crop yield and quality severely. For example, ten intra-row plants/m² of surrogate weed Sinapis alba reduced grains yields by 7%–14% in spring barley and by 7%–32% in spring wheat with yield losses becoming markedly greater in wheat compared to barley as weed density increases. Compared to wheat, barley limited yield and quality losses and suppressed intra-row weed growth more. Row spacing did not have a consistent effect on crop or weed parameters; in one of six experiments, the 25 cm row spacing reduced yields and increased intra-row weed biomass in wheat. Nitrogen rate did not affect crop or weed parameters. Results warrant the implementation of additional tactics to control intra-row weeds and limit crop losses.     

Phytophthora oleae,a new root pathogen of wild olives

Wild olive (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris) is an important component of Mediterranean forests and a key genetic source for olive improvement programmes. Since 2009, a severe decline caused by Phytophthora cryptogea and P. megasperma has been detected in a protected wild olive forest of high ecological value (Dehesa de Abajo, Seville, Spain). In this natural forest, sampling of roots and soil was carried out on 25 wild olives with symptoms in 2014 and 2015. Apart from the already known P. cryptogea A1 and P. megasperma, a third Phytophthora species was consistently isolated from wild olive rootlets with symptoms. These isolates conformed morphologically with the newly described species P. oleae and were confirmed by analysis of their ITS regions and cox1 sequences. Temperature–growth relationships showed a maximum growth at 19.9 °C on carrot agar medium, making it the lowest temperature Phytophthora species infecting wild olive roots. Pathogenicity was confirmed on 1-year-old healthy wild olive seedlings and was similar to the previously known pathogenic phytophthoras. As temperature requirements are quite different, the three Phytophthora species may be active against wild olive roots in different seasons. However, the prevalence of P. oleae infecting wild olives in recent years could be due to its introduction as a new invasive pathogen. The probable invasive nature of P. oleae, together with increasing rain episodes concentrated in short periods frequent in southern Spain, would allow the outbreak of infections in wild olive forests, and also put cultivated olive orchards at risk.     

Trichoderma species associated with green mould disease of Pleurotus ostreatus and their sensitivity to prochloraz

Green mould disease causes serious economic losses in Pleurotus ostreatus crops worldwide, including in Italy, where prochloraz is the only chemical fungicide allowed to control the disease. The effectiveness of the doses 0.01, 0.05, 0.25 and 1.25 μL L⁻¹ (field dose) of prochloraz (Sponix Flow, 450 g L⁻¹), against colony growth rate and spore germination of Trichoderma pleuroti, T. pleuroticola and T. guizhouense strains on wheat straw extract agar plates were evaluated. Complete inhibition of Trichoderma pleuroti and T. pleuroticola growth was shown by the field dose of prochloraz, and also by the 0.25 μL L⁻¹ dose for T. pleuroti. Complete inhibition of spore germination occurred for all Trichoderma strains at field dose, and at 0.25 μL L⁻¹ for T. pleuroti strains. In in vivo assays, the effect of prochloraz doses 0.05, 0.25 and 1.25 μL L⁻¹ on colonization of straw substrate by T. pleuroti, T. pleuroticola and T. guizhouense inoculated at two spore densities (10² and 10⁵ spores mL⁻¹) immediately after P. ostreatus spawn was studied. Trichoderma pleuroti and T. pleuroticola were both responsible for green mould disease, whereas T. guizhouense was not pathogenic. Trichoderma pleuroti was more aggressive than T. pleuroticola. Prochloraz was effective against T. pleuroti at the field dose, and against T. pleuroticola at 0.25 and 1.25 μL L⁻¹. The study on Trichoderma × Pleurotus interaction type showed that Trichoderma species were active against the mycelial growth of P. ostreatus by competition for space and nutrients, and neither hyphal interaction nor effect by volatile or nonvolatile metabolites occurred.     

辣椒新品种天椒16 号的选育

天椒16 号是以45-2-1-1-1-1 为母本，以76-1-1-1-1-1 为父本配制而成的辣椒一代杂种。中熟，始花节位为第 10～12 节。果实羊角形，青熟果深绿色，果面皱，果长25.56 cm，果径5.83 cm，单果质量103.8 g，辣味淡，具有良好的商 品性。每667 m² 产量可达5 000 kg 以上，田间对辣椒病毒病、疫病、炭疽病和白粉病的抗性强于对照陇椒2 号。适宜在甘 肃省进行保护地和露地栽培。     

中华卤虫家系构建几个关键技术探讨

本文就中华卤虫(Artemia.sinica)家系构建的几个关键技术进行了具体的讨论。交配产卵阶段基本参数研究结果表明,多数家系在抱对后24~60小时便开始产卵,平均间隔时间为55.68小时,具有较好的产卵及时性,同时有效地排除了假性交配现象,保证了在第20日龄时测定各性状值后建立家系、统计交配、产卵数据的准确性。各家系产卵情况统计结果表明,以生产2批卵的家系最多,46个,以产卵总量在151~200粒之间的家系最多,26个,产卵总量大于150粒的家系为70个,完全满足家系构建的需要。半同胞家系方面,在全同胞家系获得足够数量休眠卵的基础上,对仍在抱对的家系采用人工分离抱对雌雄个体的方法进行半同胞家系的组建,以便实现半同胞家系构建的同步性。本试验各生产阶段基本参数的获得,对指导中华卤虫构建家系进行遗传选育提供了理论依据。     

白叶枯病菌效应子XopN在拥有OsSWEET11同源基因的水稻品种上发挥毒性作用

【目的】黄单胞菌细胞外泌蛋白质(Xanthomonas outer proteins, Xops)是植物病原黄单胞菌高度保守的毒性效应子或毒性辅助组分,通过细菌Ⅲ型分泌系统分泌到细菌细胞外部,然后转入植物细胞而发挥病理作用。水稻黄单胞菌水稻致病变种即水稻白叶枯病菌的标准菌株PXO99^A分泌的XopN是一种毒性效应子,通过影响寄主免疫反应而使水稻发病。但是,XopN对病菌毒性的影响是否因水稻品种的不同而异,还有待研究。【方法】利用同源双交换技术,先敲除了PXO99^A的XopN基因,获得了∆XopN突变体,又经过遗传互补,得到了回补菌株∆XopN/XopN。通过营养肉汤液体培养,测定了XopN对病菌繁殖能力的影响;根据文献选用14个水稻品种,通过接种实验,测定了PXO99^A对这些品种的毒性与XopN敲除或回补的影响;在XopN发挥毒性作用的水稻品种上,测定了隐性抗病基因OsSWEET11/xa13与显性感病基因OsSWEET11/Xa13受病菌侵染而表达的情况,分析了XopN敲除或回补的影响。【结果】在营养肉汤液体培养过程中,病菌突变体菌株∆XopN的繁殖速度明显低于野生型PXO99^A。PXO99^A、∆XopN和∆XopN/XopN接种水稻后,根据其在水稻叶片组织内的繁殖量及随后产生的白叶枯病症状的严重程度,将供试的14个水稻品种分为两种情况。一是感病程度与病菌XopN是否敲除或回补无关,这有10个水稻品种（IRBB1、IRBB3、IRBB8、IRBB10、IRBB14、IR24、IRBB203、IRBB204、IRBB205和IRBB211）,PXO99^A、∆XopN和∆XopN/XopN对它们的毒性无明显差别。二是XopN对病菌毒性发挥作用的水稻品种,包括高度感病的3个品种（IRBB208、Asominori和日本晴）和低感品种IRBB13。与PXO99^A或∆XopN/XopN相比,∆XopN对这4个水稻品种的毒性大为降低。在IRBB13上,病菌侵染对隐性抗病基因OsSWEET11/xa13在叶片内的表达发生抑制作用,这一效应与XopN的毒性功能相关。相反,日本晴显性感病基因OsSWEET11/Xa13却受病菌侵染的诱导,在叶片内的表达水平大幅度提高。IRBB208和Asominori携带OsSWEET11/Xa13同源基因,该同源基因在叶片内的表达水平也因病菌侵染而大幅提高。在这4个水稻品种上,PXO99^A和∆XopN/XopN能够诱导OsSWEET11/Xa13或其同源基因表达,但∆XopN无此作用。另外,XopN对病菌在非寄主植物烟草上诱发过敏反应有量变贡献,相比PXO99^A或∆XopN/XopN,∆XopN引起过敏反应的程度有所降低。【结论】XopN是一个有限广谱性效应子,在拥有OsSWEET11同源基因的水稻品种上发挥毒性作用。XopN也是病菌繁殖所需要的,对病菌在非寄主植物上诱导过敏反应有一定贡献。